What are the factors that may contribute our brain's efficeency and Essay

What are the factors that may contribute our brain's efficeency and accuracy when performing a task - Essay Example Research studies show that there are numerous ways in which one can improve his or her brain’s efficiency and accuracy while performing a task. According Richard Restak, brain’s efficiency and accuracy are significantly improved by performing one task at a time, rather than multi-tasking. This is because human brains have some limitations that man must accept. Multi-tasking makes the overall performance of the brain slower, or less efficient than it would be if an individual is performing one task at a time. This argument is based on neuroscientific evidence and experiments that have been previously conducted among them being David Meyer’s research study. Meyer found that multitasking affects both the efficiency and the accuracy of the brains. He stated that â€Å"not only the speed of performance, the accuracy of performance, but what I call the fluency of performance, the gracefulness of their performance, was negatively influenced by the overload of multitasking.† However, this is against the popular misconception that multitasking keeps one head above the rising flood of daily demands that many people believe in. Performing one task at a time improves brain’s efficiency and accuracy because human brains have short-term memories that store between five and nine items at a time. Attempts to achieve more than one task that require both attention and consideration leads to slowing down of the brain’s efficiency and accuracy. Human brains cannot take in and process more than one streams of information, and effectively encode it to produce a short-term memory. If the information taken in does not make it into the short memory, it means that it cannot be transferred to the long-term memory for recall later. However, multitasking may not affect brain’s efficiency and accuracy to high extents especially if the tasks being

Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency Essay Example for Free

Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency Essay The Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency (EOWA) is an Australian government agency. It is statutory authority located within the portfolio of the Australian Commonwealth Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA). EOWA’s role is to administer the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999 (Commonwealth)[1] which was passed by the Federal Parliament in November 2012, and through education, assist organisations to achieve equal opportunity for women. Outlined in Part III Section 10 of the Act, the Agency is primarily a regulatory body, whose role is to annually monitor the reporting of eligible Australian organisations on equal opportunity for women in their workplaces. The Agency also has responsibility to undertake research, educational and other programs, and more generally promote the understanding of equal opportunity for women in the workplace within the community. In 2012, the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999 was replaced by the Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012. The passing of the new legislation means the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency has now been renamed the Workplace Gender Equality Agency. The Employer of Choice for Women (EOCFW) citation is announced annually  since the 2001 inaugural list of 55 organisations. As of 2012, the list had grown to 125 organisations.[2] Gender pay gap in Australia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main article: Gender pay gap Gender pay gap in Australia refers to the difference between the average female and average male salary. It is calculated on the average weekly ordinary time earnings for full-time employees published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The gender pay gap excludes part-time, casual earnings and overtime payments.[1] Australia has a persistent gender pay gap. Since 1990, the gender pay gap remained within a narrow range of between 15 and 18%.[2] In May 2013, the Australian gender pay gap was 17.5%.[3] Studies A 2009 report by the National Center for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM) prepared for the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairsstated: Using robust microeconomic modelling techniques, based on a comprehensive and critical evaluation of several methodologies, we found that simply being a woman is the major contributing factor to the gap in Australia, accounting for 60 per cent of the difference between women’s and men’s earnings, a finding which reflects other Australian research in this area. Indeed, the results showed that if the effects of being a woman were removed, the average wage of an Australian woman would increase by $1.87 per hour, equating to an additional $65 per week or $3,394 annually, based on a 35 hour week. (The second most important factor in explaining the pay gap was industrial segregation.)[2] Data collected by NATSEM for the Catalyst Australia publication, Equality Speaks,[4] found that the gap between the average wealth of men and women also varies according to the occupations and industries in which they are engaged. According to industry, the largest gap in personal wealth between men and women is within the ï ¬ nance and insurance sector ($330 600 versus $88 500) where many women work. By contrast, there exists only a small differential in the construction industry ($63 500 versus $62 700) where few women work. In other industries where many women work, there are large wealth gaps: for example, in health and community services ($174 000 versus  $68 000) and retail trade ($84 000 versus $34 000). Turning from industry to occupation, other signiï ¬ cant disparities are revealed. The greatest disparity between the average wealth of men and women is amongst elementary clerical, sales and service workers ($110 400 versus $19 900). Jobs that fall within this category include sales assistants, security guards and laundry workers. The smallest relative wealth gap can be seen in advanced clerical and service workers ($91 600 versus $83 500). Jobs in this occupational category include book-keepers, personal assistants and secretaries. Ian Watson of Macquarie University also examined the gender pay according to occupation, specifically the gap among full-time managers in Australia over the period 2001-2008. He found that between 65 and 90% of this earnings differential could not be explained by a large range of demographic and labor market variables. Watson notes that a major part of the earnings gap is simply due to women managers being female. He also found that despite the characteristics of male and female managers being remarkably similar, their earnings are very different, suggesting that discrimination plays an important role in this outcome.[5] Economist Paul Miller explored the degree to which the Australian gender pay gap differs across the wage distribution and found that the gender pay gap was much greater among high wage earners than among low wage earners. At the top of the wage distribution (95th quantile) the pay gap reached 25% or more while at the bottom the pay gap was around 10%. He concluded that the notion of a ‘glass ceiling, whereby women struggle to advance beyond some point in the more typical career path, is certainly prevalent in the Australian labour market.[6] In a similar study, Hiao Joo Kee found that the gender pay gap increased at higher levels of the wage distribution in the private sector – leading to her conclusion that a glass ceiling existed there – but that the gap in the public sector was relatively constant over all percentiles. Moreover, Kee found that the acceleration of the pay gap across the wage distribution does not vanish even after extensive controls. She concludes that the gender pay gap in both sectors was a result of differences in returns to the same characteristics between men and women.[7] Trends in the Australian labor force[edit] In 2010 Australian females represented 50.2% of the Australian population and  45.3% of the workforce.[8] Trends within the Australian labour force have female workforce participants increasingly more educated than their male counterparts with more females completing year 12 and going on to university than males in 2008 females made up 55 per cent of students enrolled in Australian tertiary institutions.[9] In 2010 Finance was the industry with the widest gender pay gap at 32.2%, followed by Health Care and Social Assistance at 27.2% and Mining at 22.7%.[10] Cases and legislation Until 1969, legislation allowed employers to pay women a minimum rate of pay that was 25 per cent less than male employees doing the same or similar work. In 1969 the first federal pay case[11] established the principle of equal pay for equal work. The 1969 case established a principle that affected 18 per cent of women workers, mostly teachers and nurses.[12] In 1972, the second federal equal pay case widened the 1969 principle to equal pay for work of equal value in line with International Labour Organisations Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (100).[13] This meant that women were awarded the same rate of pay as men no matter what work they were doing, as long as it was assessed as comparable in value. New South Wales (NSW) was the first Australian industrial jurisdiction to legislate for equal pay in the Female Rates (Amendment) Act in 1958.[14] In 2000, the NSW Industrial Relations Commission created Australia’s first Equal Remuneration Principle (ERP). The principle provides an avenue for unions to seek redress where they believe work has been undervalued on a gender basis. In 2002, the Full Bench of the NSW Industrial Relations Commission fully ratified the Crown Employees (Librarians, Library Assistants, Library Technicians and Archivists) Award 2002, which incorporated pay increases of up to 26%. The Commonwealth Affirmative Action (Equal Employment Opportunity for Women) Act 1986 was enacted to improve equity in the Australian workforce and establish the Affirmative Action Agency. It aimed to promote equal opportunity for women in employment and eliminate discrimination by the employer against women. In 1999 the agency was changed to the Equal Opportunity in the Workplace Agency to administer the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999 (Commonwealth).[15] In 2009 an Australian House of Representatives Pay Equity Report called on the Commonwealth Government to elevate pay equity to  be a clear objective of modern awards and recommended the establishment of a federal Pay Equity Unit and the conducting of mandatory pay equity audits for companies with 100 employees or more.[16] Western Australia Western Australia has the largest gender pay gap of any state or territory in Australia. As of August 2010 it was 24 per cent, representing a gap between average weekly ordinary time male and female earnings.[17] Research has failed to adequately account for all the factors that underpin Western Australia’s relatively large gender pay gap and thus explain why its gender pay gap is higher than the rest of Australia, which was 17 per cent in August 2010.[18] A specialist Pay Equity Unit in Western Australian was established in 2006 to address the States gender pay gap. The Western Australian Pay Equity team in the Department of Commerce developed the WA Pay Equity Audit Tool, a resource for employers to use in assessing workforce data and assist in the development of strategies to improve pay equity and female career progression in the workplace. The Tool was adopted nationally by the Equal Opportunity in the Workplace Agency.[19] Income and wealth inequality, how is Australia faring? Australians like to think of themselves as egalitarian, and for much of our history we believed our income and wealth was spread around evenly. The Conversation is running a series, Class in Australia, to identify, illuminate and debate its many manifestations. Here, Peter Whiteford investigates what has happened to income and wealth inequality in Australia in recent times. Australians like to think of themselves as egalitarian, and for much of our history we believed our income and wealth was spread around evenly. For many years, the world also shared that view. As early as the 1880s, visitors  remarked on Australia’s relatively equal distribution of wealth, the lack of visible poverty, the country’s generally comfortable incomes and its relatively few millionaires. As late as 1967, prime minister Harold Holt could say that he knew of no other free country where â€Å"what is produced by the community is more fairly and evenly distributed among the community† than it was in Australia. From the 1980s onwards, however, this view of Australia came under scrutiny. As historian John Hirst wrote: ‘Egalitarianism – see under myths’: so runs the index entry in a standard sociological text on Australian society. The most common measure of inequality is the Gini coefficient, which varies between zero and one. If everyone had exactly the same income then it would be zero (perfect equality). If one household had all the income then it would be one (complete inequality). The most recent figures for OECD countries, from around 2010, show that Australia is the 11th most unequalof the 34 OECD members. Australia has only ever briefly been below the OECD average Gini coefficient: just as the mining boom started in 2003. Trends in income inequality Working out what has happened to inequality in Australia over the long term is complex. While there is disagreement about overall trends, according to economists Andrew Leigh and Tony Atkinson, inequality declined between the 1950s and the late 1970s, with Peter Saunders identifying an increase in the 1980s. These long-run estimates are usually based either on wage trends or income tax data, which means that findings apply to individuals rather than households. Household incomes after benefits and taxes, however, are generally regarded as a better measure of economic resources. Since the early 1980s, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has conducted regular high-quality surveys of household incomes. The most recent survey covers the 2011-12 year. Research by economists David Johnson and Roger Wilkins found that the Gini coefficient increased from around 0.27 in 1981–82 to around 0.30 in 1997-98. Subsequently, the official ABS income statistics show that the Gini coefficient increased to 0.34 just before the global financial crisis in 2008, then fell to 0.32 in 2011-12. The ABS points out that changes from year to year are sometimes not large enough to be statistically significant. Yet the cumulative picture is of an upward trend, punctuated with periods in which inequality has fallen. Whether the most recent fall continues or is reversed remains to be seen. Trends in wealth inequality For many years, statistics on the distribution of wealth were even sparser than comprehensive statistics on the distribution of income. The improvements in income statistics achieved by the ABS were more recently matched by the collection of information on wealth – or more precisely on â€Å"net worth† (assets minus liabilities). According to the ABS, the wealthiest 20% of Australian households, with an average net worth of A$2.2 million per household in 2011-12, accounted for 61% of total household net worth. The poorest 20% of households accounted for 1% of total household net worth, and had an average net worth of $31,000 per household. This means that the wealthiest 20% of Australian households had net worth that was 68 times as high as the least wealthy 20%. In contrast, the 20% of Australian households with the highest disposable income were about five times better off than the poorest 20%. So, it seems pretty clear that wealth is much more unequally distributed in Australia than income. Or is it? This depends on how you look at it. The most recent Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report, prepared by Anthony Shorrocks, one of the most highly respected world experts on wealth distribution, estimates that the distribution of wealth in Australia is the second least unequal (after Japan) of 27 major countries and the 12th least unequal of 174 countries. It is also notable that the Credit Suisse report finds that Australia has the second highest average level of wealth in the world and the highest median wealth. The ABS survey – used by Credit Suisse – also presents two ways of looking at the distribution of wealth: first, by ranking households simply by the amount of wealth they have; second, by ranking households by how much incom e they have. When the ABS ranks households by their incomes, the 20% with the lowest incomes have an average net worth of around $437,000, while the 20% with the highest incomes have about $1.3 million in net worth. This means that the poorest one-fifth of households, measured by income, hold 12% of net wealth, while the richest  one-fifth hold 36%, a ratio of about 3 to 1. These figures suggest that wealth is actually more equally distributed than income when the joint distribution of income and wealth is used which is a more comprehensive measure of total household resources. These two approaches yield remarkably different pictures of wealth distribution. This reflects the fact that people accumulate wealth over the course of their life. Young people starting off in their first job generally don’t have much in the way of wealth, but as they grow older they will purchase homes – which have been the great wealth â€Å"equaliser† in Australia – and accumulate superannuation and other savings. As a result, older people have much higher average wealth than younger people, but older people generally have lower incomes than younger people. So, why did we think that income was equally shared in Australia if it wasn’t? The answer is that most of the earlier studies were based on a limited income measure: usually wages before tax and usually full-time wagesfor men. In the past, Australia’s wage-fixing system compressed the wage distribution. As late as 1999, Australia had the highest minimum wage relative to the median in the OECD. If you are a full-time employed male wage earner in Australia, then you have a lower level of income inequality than in Denmark, otherwise one of the lowest inequality countries. The most important source of inequality in Australia is whether you have a job or not. So the pillars of egalitarianism in Australia were high wages, high home ownership and low unemployment. If we want to regain this position, we need to ensure that unemployment remains low and that low-income earners are able to buy into affordable housing. References 1. Jump up^ Australian Government. Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999. Retrieved 2013-09-26. 2. Jump up^ Employers compete to be first choice for women. Employer of Choice for Women (EOCFW). The Workplace Gender Equality Agency. 13 Mar 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2013. 2. ^Changes to the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act reflect a shift in focus. |http://www.dibbsbarker.com/publication/Changes_to_the_Equal_Opportunity_for_Women_in_the_Workplace_Act_reflect_a_shift_in_focus.aspx DibbsBarker. 13 February 2013. 1. Jump up^ Department of Commerce. Frequently asked questions about pay equity. Retrieved on May 06, 2011. 2. ^ Jump up to:a b National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling. The impact of a sustained gender wage gap on the economy. Report to the Office for Women, Department of Families, Community Services, Housing and Indigenous Affairs, 2009, p. v-vi. 3. Jump up^ Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency. 6302.0 Average Weekly Earnings, Australia, May 2013. Australian Government, 2013. 4. Jump up^ Catalyst Australia, Equality Speaks Chapter 10, 2009 5. Jump up^ Watson, Ian (2010). Decomposing the Gender Pay Gap in the Australian Managerial Labour Market. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 49-79. 6. Jump up^ Miller, Paul W. (2005). The Role of Gender among Low-Paid and High-Paid Workers.Australian Economic Review, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 405-417, quote p. 413-414. 7. Jump up^ Kee, Hiao Joo (2006). Glass Ceiling or Sticky Floor? Expl oring the Australian Gender Pay Gap. The Economic Record, Vol. 82, No. 259, pp. 408-427. 8. Jump up^ Toohey, Tim, David Colosimo Andrew Boak (2009). Australia’s Hidden Resource: The Economic Case for Increasing Female Participation. Melbourne: Goldman Sachs JBWere Investment Research, p. 3. 9. Jump up^ Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Student 2009 Full Year: Selected Higher Education Statistics. 10. Jump up^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, Average Weekly Earnings. Catalogue 6302.0, Time Series Tables 10A 10D. 11. Jump up^ Equal Pay Case 1969 (1969) Volume 127 Commonwealth Arbitration Reports p. 1142. 12. Jump up^ Brenda Finlayson. Equal Pay – We’ve Come A long Way. Workers Online, Issue No 17, 11 June 1999. 13. Jump up^ C100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951. 14. Jump up^ NSW Industrial Relations. A history of pay equity. 15. Jump up^ Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency. Overview of the Act. 16. Jump up^ Parliament of Australia, House of Representatives. Inquiry into pay equity and associated issues related to increasing female participation in the workforce. 17. Jump up^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. Labour Force. 6202.0, Table 8, November 2010 (trend data) 18. Jump up^ Department of Commerce. Frequently asked questions about pay equity. 19. Jump up^ Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency. The Pay Equity Audit Tool.

The Author To Her Book :: essays research papers

Writing poetry can be a deeply personal (and sometimes painful) process. If talent and luck prevails, the poet will actually produce a something that reflects the inner workings that first motivated their pen to meet paper. Through struggle and sweat a poem is born, and for better or for worse the creator is responsible for the subsequent journey that it will take throughout it’s poetic life. In it’s infancy, it might seem a miracle of creation, but like most parents the writer will work at maturing the verse and rhyme so that it can defend itself when it eventually leaves home. The world that it will one day enter is a cold and critical one, and few will understand the true meaning and depth of the poem’s soul like it’s parent does. Anne Bradstreet beautifully demonstrates the intimate relationship that exists between an artist and her work in the poem The Author to Her Book. In the poem she directly addresses the book that was published without her consent, referring to it as her child, kidnapped and exploited in a world of criticism. By exposing the her work to the world, she feels that her own inadequacies are revealed as well, thus creating an internal struggle between pride and shame. This paper will take a detailed look at the poem line by line, and draw out the deeper meanings that Bradstreet injected in regard to the book The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, her illegitimate brainchild. In the first line Bradstreet refers to the book as an â€Å"ill formed offspring of [her] feeble brain.† This not only expresses her opinion of the work, but also that of her own abilities as a poet. She seems to feel no confidence, and says so upfront, as if to apologize to anyone who might have encountered her work. Although its flaws embarrass and shame her, she understands that her book is the offspring of her own "feeble brain", and the lamentable errors it displays are therefore her own. In lines two through four she shows that her ‘child’, once safely kept close to her side, suddenly â€Å"snatched† away by friends â€Å"less wise than true,† and then â€Å"exposed to public view† before it had a chance to mature in her care. It’s in Bradstreet’s strong descriptive language that she is able to express her feelings of betrayal. Though she doesn’t outright say it, she obviously felt deceived, and suffered the same exposure that the book had.

Elie Wiesel Speech Summary Essay

In the speech Elie Wiesel says that indifference is bad and that it is a crime against humanity .He also said that indifference to a tragedy is not guiltless and that you cant just witness cruelty towards someone or something and not be responsible in some way for what ends up happening instead he said that you have to step in and help the person or thing that someone is being cruel to. He also talks about his experience during the Holocaust, and how people ignored the millions of Jews that were dying. He also said that indifference is more dangerous than anger and hatred when he says â€Å" Indifference, then, is not only a sin, it is a punishment. And this is one of the most important lessons of this outgoing century’s wide-ranging experiments in good and evil.† he is saying that when people were ignoring the fact that Jews were being killed they were committing a sin. Another thing he said was â€Å"But then, there were human beings who were sensitive to our tragedy. Those non-Jews, those Christians, that we called the â€Å"Righteous Gentiles,† whose selfless acts of heroism saved the honor of their faith. Why were they so few? Why was there a greater effort to save SS murderers after the war than to save their victims during the war?† he was saying that after the war people cared more about helping the SS instead of the and there was few people that wanted to help the Jews that were being killed or injured. Also when he said â€Å" Their fate is always the most tragic, inevitably. When adults wage war, children perish. We see their faces, their eyes. Do we hear their pleas? Do we feel their pain, their agony? Every minute one of them dies of disease, violence, famine. Some of them – so many of them – could saved. He was trying to say that that there are a lot of children dying and they really cant do anything about it and they just end up dying.

A Boy and Girl’s Relationship in James Joyce’s “Araby”

A Boy and Girl’s Relationship in James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† A relationship is a connection between two people or more. The relationship could be made up of different types, races, or genders of people. One relationship in the story â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce is on that has to deal with a boy and a girl. The relationship is between the narrator, who by choice of the author remains nameless, and his friend Mangan’s sister. The relationship that the story revolves around is a relationship that is continuously evolving and changes from casual friendship to total obsession.This relationship controls the plot of the story and shows how much a person’s obsession can affect the relationship. As the story goes along, the boy builds feelings for the girl which quickly reach the point of obsession. At the beginning of the story the girl means nothing more to the boy then just a sign that his friend has to go inside, and stop playing with all of his fri ends. As the story continues, the narrator develops feelings for the girl, and instantly her appearance is much more than just the time to go in the house.While playing with the girl’s brother, all the narrator thinks about is when his friend’s sister will come outside and how he can get her attention. He says, â€Å"We waited to see whether she would remain or go in and, if she remained, we left our shadow and walked up to Mangan’s steps resignedly. † This statement shows that, although he is not assertive with his feelings, he still does anything to get the attention of the girl. He would look forward to when she walked down the block just so he could follow her and keep the image in his head.The way he felt while he saw Mangan’s sister was unparallel to any other emotion he had experienced. While looking at his window he said, â€Å"When she came out to the doorstep my heart leaped, I ran to the hall, seized my books and followed her. † H e says, â€Å"I had never spoken to her, except for a few casual words, and yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood. † Although he talks to her very little, the work that he does for it is worth it and makes him happy.She quickly became the center of his attention, and was no longer just a symbol to represent a time of day; rather she was a person who he would do anything to get the attention of. The fact that the boy cannot get the girl off of his mind is just another way to show how he is obsessed with her. This is shown a few places in the story. The main character says, â€Å"Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance. † James Joyce tells how the narrator will be in places such as the grocery store with his aunt, and he still cannot get the girl off of his mind.In the story it also says how the boy sits by himself and says â€Å"O love! O love! † while thinking about the girl he is obsessed with. The boy seemed to tre at this girl as if he has know her for years now and that there is an established relationship, while in all actuality he has only known this girl for a few days In the story, the narrator shows his distinct obsession with the girl by going to Araby for her. The point that makes this so interesting is that he didn’t plan on going to this bazaar.Yes, he knew that the bazaar would be a enjoyable place to be, but he did not think about attending the event, nor did he want to ask his aunt and uncle for permission to go to it. Conversely, when the girl brought up going to Araby, and how she would not be able to attend, the narrator had no problem offering to go and to get her something while he was there. The reason why this shows the obsession level is because this was the first time that he spoken to the girl.By the end of the first conversation he had ever had with her, he had offered to go down town for her to get her something from a fair that she wanted to go to, seems like a little much considering the situation. The last example that shows the narrator’s level of obsession is how he prepared for the Araby bazaar. The day of the bazaar came slowly, and could not come quick enough for the boy. The days leading up to the bazaar the boy said â€Å"I had hardy any patience with the serious work of life, which now that it stood between me and my desire, seemed to me child’s play, ugly monotonous child’s play. This statement shows how much Araby meant to him, and how much of his attention this event took from his other commitments. The day finally came, and the boy â€Å"went from room to room singing† in his house. IT was evident that he could not wait to leave to go to the bazaar, but at this point he had to wait for his uncle to get home so that he could get some money from him. Around nine o’clock he got home, and although at this time it was a little ridiculous to go down town at his age, with the help of his aunt he was able to talk his uncle into the idea.The story â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce is based on relationship, a relationship which is based upon obsession. The boy who happens to be the victim of obsession learns by the closing lines of the story that he mislead himself, and now can see that traveling to Araby was not worth the attention of his new friend. Although Joyce does not say what exactly happens with the girl and the boy he makes it obvious that the boy was not happy with himself, and his decision to go to Araby, when Araby was

Rohypnol (aka Flunitrazepam, Roofies) Fast Facts

Rohypnol (aka Flunitrazepam, Roofies) Fast Facts Rohypnol is the trade name for Flunitrazepam, a drug that acts as a sedative, muscle relaxant, hypnotic, and antidepressant. While Flunitrazepam is called Rohypnol when marketed by Roche, it is also sold by other companies under the names Darkene, Flunipam, Flunitrazepam, Fluscand, Hipnosedon, Hypnodorm,  Ilman, Insom, Nilium, Silece, and Vulbegal. Rohypnol may be taken as a pill or the pill may be crushed and snorted or added to a food or drink. What Does Rohypnol Look Like? Rohypnol is available as a pill, though the pill may be crushed and mixed into food or drinks or it may be dissolved in liquid and injected. The present form of the drug is imprinted with 542 and supplied as a 1-milligram dose in an olive green, oblong tablet which contains a blue dye that is supposed to be visible if the drug is added to a drink. Before that, Rohypnol was sold as a white 2-milligram tablet. Why Do People Use Rohypnol? As a prescription medication, Rohypnol is used as a pre-anesthetic medication and as a short-term treatment for insomnia. It may be used to treat the depression resulting from the use of cocaine, methamphetamine, and other stimulants. As a recreational drug, Rohypnol (roofies) may be seen at nightclubs, parties, and raves. The drug has been used in connection with rape and robbery to incapacitate the victim and prevent him or her from recalling the crime. Rohypnol may be used to commit suicide. What Are the Effects of Rohypnol Use? The effects of Rohypnol use may be felt within 15 to 20 minutes of administration and may last for over 12 hours. Symptoms associated with the use of Rohypnol include drowsiness, lowered blood pressure, muscle relaxation, headache, visual disturbances, dizziness, slurred speech, poor reaction time, confusion, memory impairment, upset stomach, retention of urine, tremors, and nightmares. One side effect associated with Rohypnol use is retroactive amnesia, where the person who took the drug cant remember events that occurred while under the influence of the drug. Although Rohypnol is a depressant, it may produce excitability, talkativeness, or aggressive behavior. An overdose of Rohypnol produces sedation, impaired speech and balance, respiratory depression, and potentially coma or death. Why Is Rohypnol Illegal in the United States? It is illegal to manufacture, sell, or use Rohypnol in the United States because taking it can produce physiological and psychological dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. The drug is legal in other countries (e.g., Mexico) and is smuggled into the US through the mail or other delivery services.

Intro †what is Gibbs (100) Essays

Intro – what is Gibbs (100) Essays Intro – what is Gibbs (100) Essay Intro – what is Gibbs (100) Essay The Case Of Aquada Contentss 1.Introduction2 2.What is incorrect with Aquada? 3 3.What is Product Design, the Design Process5 4.Setting Objectives7 5.Design Processes – Different Perspectives9 6.Aquada – A Critical Analysis10 7.Conclusions11 8.Bibliography12 1.Introduction Manufacturing companies of all types will be required at some degree or another to see how they are traveling to plan new merchandises and how this procedure should be managed so as to obtain the best consequence for their profitableness. When carry oning a design procedure, the administration will hold to happen the in-between line between supplying the client with what they want but besides being organisationally efficient in footings of usage of resources and fiscal investing [ 1 ] ( Baxter, 1995 ) . The procedure of design direction permeates the five cardinal countries of engineering, design, design thought, selling and direction. For this ground, there are frequently internal battles as the company tries to draw together a assortment of different maps all with their ain ends and attacks. 2.What is incorrect with the Aquada? Gibbs has developed a new merchandise which it brought to market as the Aquada. The Aquada was developed by the joint expertness of laminitis Alan Gibbs and Neil Jenkins who through an organizational amalgamation became involved in the squad, in 1999. Design work had begun in 1997 and the merchandise is expected to sell at a retail of ?150,000 in the UK. The Aquada is the first vehicle of its type. It is an amphibian auto that is able to go at velocities of around 30 stat mis per hr on H2O and up to 100 stat mis per hr on land. Approximately 60 million autos are manufactured every twelvemonth and the amphibious component of the auto is simply an option, although it is the chief merchandising point of the merchandise and would, hence, be expected to be chosen in all but a few instances. Clearly, one of the chief benefits of the Aquada is that it can well cut down the travel clip of proprietors. With the ability to travel effortlessly from H2O to set down the Aquada allows a journey that would usually take 2 hours in a metropolis Centre to be reduced to 20 proceedingss, through the usage of H2O based travel. However, despite this, the Aquada has failed to derive the degree of gross revenues that Gibbs predicted it would. Several built-in design jobs have been cited as the ground that Aquada has failed to derive full market incursion. First, despite being marketed as a auto chiefly with an amphibious option it is, in fact, well more efficient on H2O than it is on land. Therefore, those who would merely on occasion use the H2O based option find that it is merely non an efficient manner to go, overall. The Aquada besides fails many safety facets of travel as it has no air bags which are considered indispensable in the modern automotive market. Furthermore, it is non as user friendly due to non holding a roof and holding a non-conventional seating form. This makes the Aquada highly improbable to be the chief vehicle of pick, during the winter months. As this is a new type of vehicle wholly, the care is still something that can merely be done by some specific and specialist mechanics. This makes even everyday services highly expensive. When sing the six chief elements of a design efficiency, it is clear to see that the Aquada fails on many degrees which explains why the Aquada has non made as much of an impact on the market as it was hoped. Reliability and maintainability has non been achieved due to the extremely proficient specializer nature of the vehicle. Aestheticss and biotechnologies are besides hapless with the Aquada with the deficiency of roof and the non traditional seating program that does non let the auto to hold four riders. Not holding air bags is a defect in the safety design of the merchandise and, moreover, the monetary value is at the higher terminal of the market significance that the clients willing to pay this excess premium would non anticipate to compromise on the other elements of the design [ 2 ] ( Zahra A ; Ellor, 1993 ) . 3.What is Product Design? For any new merchandise or company, the design procedure is cardinal to the success of the administration. Whilst in this instance the design procedure is comparatively clear and Centres on the Aquada merchandise, administrations will besides hold their ain merchandise design built-in in the manner they run their company through stigmatization and market placement. Regardless of the type of merchandise design that is being focussed on they will cover with planning, communicating, control and squad working between the assorted different maps within the company. The manner in which the merchandise design procedure is undertaken is cardinal to the overall success of a merchandise or company. The whole procedure demands to be managed to guarantee that no facet is ignored and that the overall consequence is the optimal consequence available. The Design Process There are multiple troubles within the concluding Aquada merchandise, many of which occurred during the design procedure and could, with better planning, have been avoided. Critical to any undertaking is the scene of the relevant purposes and aims. These are so cardinal that they will be discussed in greater item in the ulterior subdivision of this study. Once the range of the undertaking has been appropriately ascertained, the budget should so be developed and agreed with all relevant stakeholders. Based on the needed merchandising monetary value of the Aquada, it would look that budgeting was non completed every bit ruthlessly as was necessary to guarantee that the auto was competitory within the available market [ 3 ] ( Blyth A ; Worthington, 2001 ) . Once the basic information has been ascertained, a brief lineation of the undertaking including the range and the purposes of the undertaking should be stated. This will be the footing of the undertaking program and will give a high degree overview of all critical spots of information i.e. clip graduated table, budget and overall range. In the instance of the Aquada, this was peculiarly of import due to the assorted different squads involved in the development. It is critical that all members of the squad are united and are to the full cognizant of what needs to be done and their function within the merchandise development. From this point, the most appropriate squad demands to be established to do certain that all facets are appropriately dealt with. This choice procedure will about surely involve both internal and external people. Making certain that the necessary competency is available will be of import to do certain that the merchandise is developed right and that there is small or no unneeded wastage in footings of clip or money. For illustration, in the instance of the Aquada, the focal point was clearly on making a technically superb solution, there seems to hold been an absence of people sing the auxiliary facets such as safety, internal design, selling and overall direction [ 4 ] ( Jerrard, Trueman A ; Newport, 1999 ) . Clear undertaking mileposts need to be laid out. The development of a new merchandise such as the Aquada will of course affect several phases such as a protocol so the launching of the merchandise every bit good as the necessary selling and administrative support that will be needed for launch. All of these facets needed to be managed from the beginning. Based on the weaknesss of the Aquada, it would look that full usage of the protocol was non made. Issues such as the deficiency of roof and the deficiency of airbags should hold been noted from the really initial design. Similarly, the deficiency of critical safety factors such as air bags had been omitted should hold been noted at an early phase of the design procedure. This deficiency of realization suggests that the relevant people were non involved with the design procedure at a appropriately early phase. 4.Puting Aims One of the first and most of import facets of the merchandise design procedure is that of puting the purposes and aims of the undertaking. By guaranting that there are suited aims that have been agreed on by all of the appropriate stakeholders, it helps do certain that all persons involved are to the full cognizant of the overall aims and how their single function will be needed to accomplish the ultimate purposes [ 5 ] ( Bruce A ; Cooper, 2000 ) . Aims need to be SMART ( specific, mensurable, agreed, realistic and clip edge ) . Specific, the ends need to be clear and unambiguous and that the purposes are clear for all involved ; Measurable, the ends and aims need to be quantifiable at every measure of the manner. Clear marks in footings of design should be made at every phase to guarantee that the undertaking as a whole corsets on path, both in footings of clip and money ; Agreed, this is critical for undertakings that involve multiple stakeholders. An person who does non hold with the ends and aims can non possible be expected to set in the necessary attempts to accomplish the ends ; Realistic, the ultimate end must be accomplishable. In the instance of the Aquada, consideration demands to be given as to whether it is really possible to develop an amphibian auto that is both safe and efficient every bit good as cost effectual for the consumers ; and Time edge means that there should be clear mileposts at every phase of the undertaking to do certain that the assorted strands of the undertaking are completed at the appropriate times and hence all facets come together to accomplish overall success. Had the Aquada squad spent somewhat longer on puting the relevant ends and objectives many of the issues that are now going evident, such as the deficiency of roof, would hold been resolved at the early phases, doing the merchandise more successful and the design procedure more efficient. 5.Design Processes – Different Positions Naturally, the procedure of design direction will change from company to company and undertaking to project. As such there has been no one singular design procedure theoretical account that has gained complete support from faculty members or professionals. Several different possible attacks have been established, and Aquada should take the elements that suit their peculiar undertaking in their design procedure. One of the historically popular attacks has been the linking of design direction with selling. This was based on the foundational belief that design is mostly a selling map with the whole procedure aimed at developing a merchandise that consumers really want to buy. Under this idea form it is by and large considered that the cardinal standards of any procedure is to do consumers believe that they need the ultimate merchandise. Arguably, in a commercial scene such as that of Aquada this is true. Whilst the engineering may be impressive, it is of small commercial value if no-one really wants to buy the merchandise. This is the attack advocated by the Design Management Institute [ 6 ] ( Best, 2007 ) . An alternate attack is that of design leading advocated by Koppelmann, which makes the differentiation between the design direction and design leading. This recognises that pull offing the design procedure is a much more specific function than that of design leading. Design direction is to a great extent involved with the existent specifications of the merchandise, whereas design leading takes a much more overall position sing every facet such as selling and distribution. It is this function that the overall undertaking director would by and large set about [ 7 ] ( Buggie, Scheuing A ; Vaccaro, 1990 ) . In the instance of Aquada, the undertaking began in 1996 yet a new pull offing manager became involved in 1999 which may account for the deficiency of consistence in the undertaking direction procedure. 6.Aquada – A Critical Analysis Aquada has found that there are many built-in design defects within its merchandise. These are cardinal and consequence in the demand for the merchandise being well lower than it would otherwise hold been. First, the Aquada design procedure lacked consistence. Due to a alteration of direction the design leading function appears to hold gone unnoticed and hence peripheral facets of the proficient specifications have been overlooked. In line with the current thought of holding a distinguishable design leading function, this appears to hold been losing in the procedure and has hence had a damaging function on the overall result [ 8 ] ( Hollins A ; Shinkins, 2006 ) . Second, critical elements that a consumer would necessitate hold been overlooked such as the necessary seating form and the deficiency of roof. This suggests that there was small or no engagement in footings of selling or client services. It would look that during the initial undertaking definition stage, the demands and desires of the client were non considered. For this ground, Aquada would hold benefited from following a more selling attack in its merchandise development to guarantee consumer entreaty. Third, the pricing of the Aquada seems to be curtailing the market portion that it is able to obtain. Had the budget been set at the beginning and managed with suited milepost, it would be probably that a lesser retail monetary value would hold been established doing it a more appealing purchase option. 7.Decisions Although, on the face of it, Aquada appears to hold failed in several facets, they all basically have their path cause in the failure to program and pull off the undertaking. Failure to place the critical ends and besides failure to hold one consistent director with an overall position of the undertaking has resulted in critical issues being ignored. The undertaking has non been sufficiently focussed on the consumer, likely due to the deficiency of selling engagement and this has finally resulted in a less appealing and, hence, less successful merchandise within an already competitory market [ 9 ] ( Sutton A ; Hargadon, 1996 ) . Bibliography Baxter, M. , 1995.Merchandise Design. Chapman and Hall. Best, Kathryn, 2007.Design Management: Pull offing Design Strategy, Process and Implementation. Ava Publishing SA. Blyth, A. A ; Worthington, J. , 2001.Pull offing the Brief for Better Design. Spon Press. Bruce, M. A ; Cooper, R. , 2000.Creative Product Design: A Practical Guide to Requirements Capture Management. John Wiley A ; Sons. Buggie, F.D. , Scheuing, E.E. , A ; Vaccaro, V.L. , 1990. An Advanced Approach to New Product Development.Review of Business, 12. Hollins, B. A ; Shinkins, S. , 2006.Pull offing Service Operationss: Design and Execution. Sage. Jerrard B. , Trueman, M. A ; Newport, R. , 1999.Pull offing New Product Invention: Proceedings of the Conference of the Design Research Society. Taylor A ; Francis. Sutton, R.I. A ; Hargadon, A. , 1996. Brainstorming Groups in Context: Effectiveness in a Product Design Firm.Administrative Science Quarterly, 41. Zahra, S.A. A ; Ellor, D. , 1993. 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